Kamis, 28 Oktober 2010

youth pledge (sumpah pemuda)
On October 28, 1928, Indonesian youth nationalists from all over the country proclaimed a historic Youth Pledge, known as “Sumpah Pemuda”, for a unity of homeland, nation and language. This pledge helped Indonesia’s unification in Indonesia’s struggle for Independence. Ever since then, the Youth Pledge has been the quintessential symbol marking youth’s role and involvement in a nation building and development.






As a youth, and as an Indonesian, one could not help but to question whether any development has occur within the youth’s movement in the past 79 years. In evaluating this situation, we shall first analyze the challenges faced by each youth movement. This analysis is needed because the characteristic of a youth’s movement is largely intertwined with the challenges faced by such movement. Hence a comparative analysis on the characterization of the youth’s movement and its challenges before and after 1928 has to be employed.

Youth’s movement before the year of 1928 faces the challenge of colonialism and the repression of any freedom, particularly for any freedom of expression and right to education. This challenge is not only faced by Indonesian youth movement, but almost any other movement in any colonized territory. Specifically in Indonesia, the youth movement is characterized with segregation. This character is due to nature of multicultural Indonesia which is comprised more than 300 ethic groups and 200 different languages that stretch across 1,919,440 km². Along with this nature is the divide et impera’s politic employed by the Dutch colonialism.

The second character of youth’s movement pre-1928 is how it was led by intellectuals that reside in foreign countries. This character is mostly caused by the nature of education provided by the Dutch colony in Indonesia by that time. Education in Indonesia was only limited to an exclusive class of society, and focused on professional training rather than on higher graduate education. This tendency occurs because the Dutch colony’s need to have employees in the bureaucracy and equality of the Dutch children residing in Indonesia while trying to prevent any movement for independence on Indonesia’s part.

The youth’s movement after 1928, particularly after Indonesia’s independence, faces challenges that are different from the challenges faced by the youth movement before 1928. The challenges faced by nowadays youth movement are the fight for democracy and human right, global economy, free trade, and Indonesia’s position within the world’s economic and political realm.

Although the different challenges being faced by nowadays youth movement, there are similar traits from which we may take lessons from. The nature of these challenges are actually same, in spite of its’ different outlook. There still exist, however, a tension between the developed and developing countries, and many views free trade as consequence of globalization is a tool of neo-colonization. Therefore, despite the different outlook that nowadays challenges presents, we are still facing the same demon: colonization.

Moreover, if we compared the second character of youth movement, the number of intellectuals that reside in foreign countries is not too much difference either. The number of intellectuals residing in foreign countries is still and even higher than pre-1928. For instance, there are around 20.000 Indonesian youth intellectuals in Australia, 26.000 in Malaysia, 5000 in Egypt and more than hundred thousands spread in United State, Europe, India, Japan and others.

Based upon this comparison, there are certain actions that could be taken by the present youth movement, particularly for the youth living and/or residing in foreign countries, to handle the national and international challenges.

  • First, in fighting against the challenges by the outside world, Indonesia would first need strength.
  • Second, intellectuals residing in foreign countries can have much more access to sources that are not available in Indonesia.
  • Third, the fact that we are all Indonesians means that we all represent Indonesia either we are residing in Indonesia or abroad.

Bearing in mind that the past experience had shown us how we are able to make changes through actions taken in foreign countries that would eventually shape and influence the national development that will bring Indonesia become a greater nation. Unfortunately, till today there has not a global unity among Indonesian youth across the world nor enough coordination and communication between domestic and international youth movement. Consequently, the youth movement and its role are become powerless to tackle current challenges.


the diorama about sumpah pemuda




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all about bukittinggi

Rabu, 20 Oktober 2010

this is my town, called bukittinggi

Bukittinggi (Indonesian for "high hill") is one of the larger cities in West Sumatra, Indonesia, with a population of over 91,000 people and an area of 25.24 km². It is situated in the Minangkabau highlands, 90 km by road from the West Sumatran capital city of Padang. It is located at 0°18′20″S 100°22′9″E / 0.30556°S 100.36917°E / -0.30556; 100.36917, near the volcanoes Mount Singgalang (inactive) and Mount Marapi (still active). At 930 m above sea level, the city has a cool climate with temperatures between 16.1°-24.9°C.



the history of bukittinggi

The city has its origins in five villages which served as the basis for a marketplace.
The city was known as Fort de Kock during colonial times in reference to the Dutch outpost established here in 1825 during the Padri War. The fort was founded by Captain Bauer at the top of Jirek hill and later named after the then Lieutenant Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies, Hendrik Merkus de Kock The first road connecting the region with the west coast was built between 1833 and 1841 via the Anai Gorge, easing troop movements, cutting the costs of transportation and providing an economic stimulus for the agricultural economy. In 1856 a teacher-training college (Kweekschool) was founded in the city, the first in Sumatra, as part of a policy to provide educational opportunities to the indigenous population.A rail line connecting the city with Payakumbuh and Padang was constructed between 1891 and 1894.
During the Japanese occupation of Indonesia in World War II, the city was the headquarters for the Japanese 25th Army, the force which occupied Sumatra. The headquarters was moved to the city in April 1943 from Singapore, and remained until the Japanese surrender in August 1945.
During the Indonesian National Revolution, the city was the headquarters for the Emergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia (PDRI) from December 19, 1948 to July 13, 1949. During the second 'Police Action' Dutch forces invaded and occupied the city on December 22, 1948, having earlier bombed it in preparation. The city was surrendered to Republican officials in December 1949 after the Dutch government recognized Indonesian sovereignty.
The city was officially renamed Bukittinggi in 1949, replacing its colonial name. From 1950 until 1957, Bukittinggi was the capital city of a province called Central Sumatra, which encompassed West Sumatra, Riau and Jambi. In February 1958, during a revolt in Sumatra against the Indonesian government, rebels proclaimed the Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia (PRRI) in Bukittinggi. The Indonesian government had recaptured the town by May the same year.
A group of Muslim men had planned to bomb a cafe in the city frequented by foreign tourists in October 2007, but the plot was aborted due to the risk of killing Muslim individuals in the vicinity Since 2008 the city administration has banned Valentine's Day and New Year's celebrations as they consider them not in line with Minangkabau traditions or Islam, and can lead to "immoral acts" such as young couples hugging and kissing.






the administration of bukittinggi

Bukittinggi is divided in 3 subdistricts (kecamatan), which are further divided into 5 villages (nagari) and 24 kelurahan. The subdistricts are:Guguk Panjang, Mandiangin Koto Selayan, and Aur Birugo Tigo Baleh.




the transportation in bukittinggi
Bukittinggi is connected to Padang by road, though a dysfunctional railway line also exists. For inner-city transport, Bukittinggi employs a public transportation system known as Mersi (Merapi Singgalang) and IKABE that connect locations within the city. The city also still preserves the traditional horse-cart widely known in the area as Bendi, although the use is limited and more popular to be used as vehicle for tourist, both domestic and foreign.
bendi : 

angkot:



tourism spot in bukittinggi\
It is a city popular with tourists due to the climate and central location. Attractions within the city include:
  • Ngarai Sianok (Sianok Canyon)

  • Lobang Jepang (Japanese Caves) - a network of underground bunkers & tunnels built by the Japanese during World War II

  • Jam Gadang - a large clock tower built by the Dutch in 1926.

  • Pasar Atas and Pasar Bawah - traditional markets in downtown.

  • Taman Bundo Kanduang park. The park includes a replica Rumah Gadang (literally: big house, with the distinctive Minangkabau roof architecture) used as a museum of Minangkabau culture, and a zoo. The Dutch hilltop outpost Fort de Kock is connected to the zoo by the Limpapeh pedestrian overpass.
fort de kock:


rumah gadang:

  • Museum Rumah Kelahiran Bung Hatta (Museum of Bung Hatta Birthplace) - the house where Indonesian founding father Mohammad Hatta was born, now a museum



  •  Bung Hatta Library, the biggest library in bukittinggi

 the education in Bukittinggi
in bukittinggi thereare some schools from elementary to senior high school.there are some university too.
and bukittinggi has known as kota pendidikan and kota pariwisata



so,
that`s all about bukittinggi, :D








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Kamis, 07 Oktober 2010

TOPOLOGI JARINGAN KOMPUTER
    Topologi adalah suatu cara menghubungkan komputer yang satu dengan komputer lainnya sehingga membentuk jaringan. Cara yang saat ini banyak digunakan adalah bus, token-ring, star dan peer-to-peer network. Masing-masing topologi ini mempunyai ciri khas, dengan kelebihan dan kekurangannya sendiri.
  1. Topologi BUS

Topologi bus terlihat pada skema di atas. Terdapat keuntungan dan kerugian dari tipe ini yaitu:
Keuntungan:                              Kerugian:
- Hemat kabel                            - Deteksi dan isolasi kesalahan sangat kecil
- Layout kabel sederhana           - Kepadatan lalu lintas
- Mudah dikembangkan              - Bila salah satu client rusak, maka jaringan tidak bisa berfungsi.
                                                - Diperlukan repeater untuk jarak jauh
  1. Topologi TokenRING
Topologi TokenRING terlihat pada skema di atas. Metode token-ring (sering disebut ring saja) adalah cara menghubungkan komputer sehingga berbentuk ring (lingkaran). Setiap simpul mempunyai tingkatan yang sama. Jaringan akan disebut sebagai loop, data dikirimkan kesetiap simpul dan setiap
informasi yang diterima simpul diperiksa alamatnya apakah data itu untuknya atau bukan. Terdapat keuntungan dan kerugian dari tipe ini yaitu:
Keuntungan:                              Kerugian:
- Hemat kabel                            - Peka kesalahan
                                                - Pengembangan jaringan lebih kaku
  1. Topologi STAR
Merupakan kontrol terpusat, semua link harus melewati pusat yang menyalurkan data tersebut kesemua simpul atau client yang dipilihnya. Simpul pusat dinamakan stasium primer atau server dan lainnya dinamakan stasiun sekunder atau client server. Setelah hubungan jaringan dimulai oleh server maka setiap client server sewaktu-waktu dapat menggunakan hubungan jaringan tersebut tanpa menunggu perintah dari server. Terdapat keuntungan dan kerugian dari tipe ini yaitu:
Keuntungan:
- Paling fleksibel                      
- Pemasangan/perubahan stasiun sangat mudah dan tidak mengganggu bagian jaringan lain
- Kontrol terpusat
- Kemudahan deteksi dan isolasi kesalahan/kerusakan
- Kemudahaan pengelolaan jaringan
Kerugian:
- Boros kabel                     
- Perlu penanganan khusus
- Kontrol terpusat (HUB) jadi elemen kritis

5.  Topologi Mesh
Topologi mesh adalah suatu bentuk hubungan antar perangkat dimana setiap perangkat terhubung secaralangsung ke perangkat lainnya yang ada di dalam jaringan. Akibatnya, dalam topologi mesh setiap perangkatdapat berkomunikasi langsung dengan perangkat yang dituju (dedicated links).
Dengan demikian maksimal banyaknya koneksi antar perangkat pada jaringan bertopologi mesh ini dapatdihitung yaitu sebanyak n(n-1)/2. Selain itu karena setiap perangkat dapat terhubung dengan perangkatlainnya yang ada di dalam jaringan maka setiap perangkat harus memiliki sebanyak n-1 Port Input/Output (I/O ports).

Berdasarkan pemahaman di atas, dapat dicontohkan bahwa apabila sebanyak 5 (lima) komputer akandihubungkan dalam bentuk topologi mesh maka agar seluruh koneksi antar komputer dapat berfungsi optimal, diperlukan kabel koneksi sebanyak 5(5-1)/2 = 10 kabel koneksi, dan masing-masing komputer harusmemiliki port I/O sebanyak 5-1 = 4 port (lihat gambar).

Dengan bentuk hubungan seperti itu, topologi mesh memiliki beberapa kelebihan, yaitu:
  • Hubungan dedicated links menjamin data langsung dikirimkan ke komputer tujuan tanpa harus melaluikomputer lainnya sehingga dapat lebih cepat karena satu link digunakan khusus untuk berkomunikasidengan komputer yang dituju saja (tidak digunakan secara beramai-ramai/sharing).
  • Memiliki sifat Robust, yaitu Apabila terjadi gangguan pada koneksi komputer A dengan komputer B karena rusaknya kabel koneksi (links) antara A dan B, maka gangguan tersebut tidak akanmempengaruhi koneksi komputer A dengan komputer lainnya.
  • Privacy dan security pada topologi mesh lebih terjamin, karena komunikasi yang terjadi antara duakomputer tidak akan dapat diakses oleh komputer lainnya.
  • Memudahkan proses identifikasi permasalahan pada saat terjadi kerusakan koneksi antar komputer.

Meskipun demikian, topologi mesh bukannya tanpa kekurangan. Beberapa kekurangan yang dapat dicatatyaitu:
  • Membutuhkan banyak kabel dan Port I/O. semakin banyak komputer di dalam topologi mesh makadiperlukan semakin banyak kabel links dan port I/O (lihat rumus penghitungan kebutuhan kabel dan Port).
  • Hal tersebut sekaligus juga mengindikasikan bahwa topologi jenis ini membutuhkan biaya yang relatifmahal.
  • Karena setiap komputer harus terkoneksi secara langsung dengan komputer lainnya maka instalasi dankonfigurasi menjadi lebih sulit.
  • Banyaknya kabel yang digunakan juga mengisyaratkan perlunya space yang memungkinkan di dalamruangan tempat komputer-komputer tersebut berada.

Berdasarkan kelebihan dan kekurangannya, topologi mesh biasanya diimplementasikan pada komputer-komputer utama dimana masing-masing komputer utama tersebut membentuk jaringan tersendiri dengantopologi yang berbeda


6. Topologi Tree
Topologi Tree pada dasarnya merupakan bentuk yang lebih luas dari Topologi Star. Seperti halnya Topologi Star perangkat (node, device) yang ada pada topologi tree juga terhubung kepada sebuah pusat pengendali (central HUB) yang berfungsi mengatur traffic di dalam jaringan.

Meskipun demikian, tidak semua perangkat pada topologi tree terhubung secara langsung ke central HUB. Sebagian perangkat memang terhubung secara langsung ke central HUB, tetapi sebagian lainnya terhubung melalui secondary HUB (lihat gambar).

Pada topologi tree terdapat dua atau lebih HUB yang digunakan untuk menghubungkan setiap perangkat ke dalam jaringan. Keseluruhan HUB tersebut berdasarkan fungsinya terbagi menjadi dua bagian yaitu Active HUB dan Passive HUB.

Active HUB berfungsi tidak hanya sekedar sebagai penerus sinyal data dari satu komputer ke komputer lainnya, tetapi juga memiliki fungsi sebagai Repeater.  Sinyal data yang dikirimkan dari satu komputer ke komputer lainnya memiliki keterbatasan dalam hal jarak, setelah berjalan sekian meter maka sinyal tersebut akan melemah. Dengan adanya fungsi Repeater ini maka sinyal data tersebut akan di-generate kembali sebelum kemudian diteruskan ke komputer yang dituju, sehingga jarak tempuh sinyal data pun bisa menjadi lebih jauh dari yang biasanya. Sedangkan Passive HUB hanya berfungsi sebagai penerus sinyal data dari satu komputer ke komputer lainnya.

Pada topologi tree, seperti pada gambar, Central HUB adalah selalu sebagai Active HUB sedangkan Secondary HUB adalah Passive HUB. Tetapi pada pelaksanaannya, Secondary HUB bisa juga sebagai Active HUB apabila digunakan untuk menguatkan kembali sinyal data melalui secondary HUB lainnya yang terhubung.

Karena pada dasarnya topologi ini merupakan bentuk yang lebih luas dari topologi star, maka  kelebihan dan kekurangannya pada topologi star juga dimiliki oleh topologi tree. Perbedaannya adalah HUB dan kabel yang digunakan menjadi lebih banyak sehingga diperlukan perencanaan yang matang dalam pengaturannya dengan mempertimbangkan segala hal yang terkait, termasuk di dalamnya adalah tata letak ruangan. Meskipun demikian, topologi ini memiliki keunggulan lebih mampu menjangkau jarak yang lebih jauh dengan mengaktifkan fungsi Repeater yang dimiliki oleh HUB. 


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